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Individuals can deduct state sales tax in lieu of the deduction for state income taxes, and is particularly valuable for taxpayers who live in states with no income taxes.

For 2013:
The Tax between 0 and 8,925 = 10%,
between $8,925 and $36,250 the Tax = 870 plus 15% over 8,925,
between $36,250 and $87,850 the Tax = 4,868 plus 25% over 36,250,
between $87,850 and $183,250 the Tax = 17,443 plus 28% over 87,850,
between $183,250, and $398,350 the Tax = 43,843 plus 33% over 183,250,
between $398,350, and $400,000 the Tax = 43,843 plus 33% over 398,350 over $400,000 the Tax = 116,163.75 plus 39.6% over 400,000.
For 2012:
The Tax between 0 and 8,700 = 10%,
between $8,701 and $35,350 the Tax = 870 plus 15% over 8,700,
between $35,351 and $85,650 the Tax = 4,868 plus 25% over 35,350,
between $85,651 and $178,650 the Tax = 17,443 plus 28% over 85,650,
between $178,651, and $388,350 the Tax = 43,843 plus 33% over 178,650,
over $388,351 the Tax = 112,863 plus 35% over 388,350.

Generally, uninsured individuals who purchase health insurance through an online health insurance marketplace or exchange and have income no greater than $94,200 for a family of 4, may be eligible for a government subsidy to help pay for health insurance.
The subsidy will be in the form of a tax credit.The credit or subsidy will be applied to your insurance premium when you purchase it in 2014.
To figure out if you’re eligible for a subsidy, you need to determine your household size and household income and see where it falls within the federal poverty line.
Subsidies are available up to 400% of the federal poverty line. Up to 133% of the federal poverty line, a family needs to devote 2% of its income towards the premium, with the balance subsidized by the government. The subsidy then decreases as income goes up.

The 2016 penalty is the greater of: $695 per year ($2,085 maximum per family), or 2.5% of household income.
There was no penalty in 2013. The penalty is phased in over time. Beginning in 2014, U.S. citizens and legal residents must carry health insurance or be subject to a penalty.
The 2014 penalty was the greater of: $95 per year ($2,085 maximum per family), or 1.% of household income.
The 2015 penalty was the greater of: $325 per year ($2,085 maximum per family), or 2.% of household income.

There is no government run insurance plan or single payer system established under the Affordable Care Act. The government will only run the health care exchanges and the insurance industry will still be run by private companies.
Public exchanges will be available in all 50 states and 4 levels of health care insurance will be offered. They are platinum, gold, silver and bronze. Each insurance plan will offer the “minimum essential coverage”, which is needed to avoid paying a penalty. Private exchanges will be available as an alternative to the public exchanges.

Wages are subject to a 2.9% Medicare payroll tax with the employee and employer each paying half (1.45%). There is no limit to the amount of wages that are subject to the Medicare tax. Self-employed individuals pay both halves.
Beginning in 2013, there is an additional 0.9% (2.35% in total) Medicare tax that applies to wages received in excess of $250,000 for joint filers, $200,000 for single filers and $125,000 for Married filing separate filers.
This additional tax will be filed on new IRS Form 8959 which will transfer to Form 1040 Line 60.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) also referred to "Obamacare" is a United States federal statute signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010.
On June 28, 2012, the United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act.
However, the Supreme Court held that states cannot be forced to participate in the Affordable Care Acts Medicaid expansion under penalty of losing their current Medicaid funding.
The Affordable Care Act includes a number of provisions that take effect between 2010 and 2020. Policies issued before 2010 are exempted by a grandfather clause from many of the changes to insurance standards, but they are affected by other provisions which take effect by January 1, 2014.

Individuals will need to carry health insurance beginning in 2014 unless they meet an exception: Exemptions will be granted for: Individuals with income below the tax filing threshold ($9,750 single; $19,500 married filing joint), Individuals whose lowest cost plan option exceeds 8% of household income, those claiming financial hardship or claiming religious objections.
Individuals without coverage for less than 3 months and Aliens not lawfully present in the United States or American Indians or Incarcerated individuals.

1- Health Insurance Marketplace referred to as a health exchange. it began in 2014, this program helps a person find health insurance that fits their budget. The exchange is run by the state or federal government and it results in a private insurance policy.
2- Job-based coverage is when employer offers health insurance coverage. You may be eligible to receive it, including your spouse or dependents. Employers may decline coverage for certain reasons such as for part-time workers, but not for health related reasons.
3- Medicaid: Each state offers Medicaid for lower income people or for the elderly or people with disabilities.
4- Private policy: these health plans will cost the same whether acquired directly or through an insurance exchange. Subsidies will apply only if you are using an insurance exchange.