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A Defined-Contribution Plan is a type of Keogh plan. It is a retirement plan in which a certain amount or percentage of money is set aside each year by a company for the benefit of the employee. There are restrictions as to when and how you can withdraw these funds without penalties.
The limitation increased in 2014 from $51000 to $52,000.

A Defined-Benefit Plan is a type of Keogh plan. It is a employer-sponsored retirement plan where employee benefits are calculated based on a formula using factors such as salary history and duration of employment. Investment risk and portfolio management are entirely under the control of the company. There are also restrictions on when and how you can withdraw these funds without penalties.

HR(10) plans are Keogh plans.

To deduct contributions, the Keogh plan must be adopted by the last day of the year ( December 31, for calendar year entities). The funding of the contribution can be made up to the due date of the return for that year including extensions.

A Keogh plan is a tax deferred pension plan available to self-employed individuals or unincorporated businesses for retirement purposes. A Keogh plan can be set up as either a defined-benefit or defined-contribution plan. Contributions are generally tax deductible up to 25% of annual income with a limit of $51,000 ($50,000 in 2012). Keogh plan types include money-purchase plans (used by high-income earners), defined-benefit plans (which have high annual minimums) and profit-sharing plans (which offer annual flexibility based on profits). As with other qualified retirement accounts, funds can be accessed as early as age 59.5 and withdrawals must begin by age 70.5.

If you have multiple self-employment activities, you must aggregate profits and losses from all the activities to determine if you have "Net Income" on which the IRA contribution would be calculated upon. If the net result is negative, No contribution is allowed.

A Roth IRA is an individual retirement plan that bears many similarities to the traditional IRA, but contributions are not tax deductible and qualified distributions are tax free.
Similar to other retirement plan accounts, non-qualified distributions from a Roth IRA may be subject to a penalty upon withdrawal.
A qualified distribution is one that is taken at least five years after the taxpayer establishes his or her first Roth IRA and when he or she is age 59.5, disabled, using the withdrawal to purchase a first home (limit $10,000), or deceased (in which case the beneficiary collects). Since qualified distributions from a Roth IRA are always tax free,

Employers can contribute up to a quarter of the salaries that each employee earns (25%)up to an annual maximum limit. For 2017, that maximum will be $54,000, up $1,000 from its 2016 level. That's the first rise in the SEP IRA limit since 2015,
For self-employed. the 25% refers to the self-employed worker's "net earnings" from the business. The net result of the math is that the 25% limitation on "net earnings" works out to 20% of your adjusted profit after the self-employment tax adjustment

NO. Contributions do not have to be made every year. Contributions must be made based on written allocation formulas and must not discriminate.

The filing deadline for Form 5500 is the last day of the 7th month after the end of the plan year. An extension can be filed if needed.