Social Security

For each quarter of coverage the Earnings needed to earn one Social Security Credit is $1,160 ($1130 in 2012)

Your Social Security payment is figured using a complex calculation based on a 35-year average of your covered wages. Each year's wages are adjusted for inflation before being averaged.
If you worked longer than 35 years, the government will use the highest 35 years.
If you worked for less than 35 years, they'll average in zeros for the years you are lacking.
If you can avoid zeros by working a couple of years longer, you'll increase your Social Security payment.

To stake a claim to your ex-spouse's Social Security benefits you must be married for at least 10 years.
If you make it for 10 years, you can collect a Social Security benefit based on up to half of your ex's earnings or on the basis of your own earnings whichever is higher.

Once an ex-spouse passes away, you'll be treated just like a widow or widower. If you are at least 60, you'll be able to collect your late-spouse's benefit and allow your own benefit to grow unclaimed until you reach age 70, when you can switch if your own is higher,
The longer your ex-spouse delays claiming Social Security, the better it is for you. You will get to claim half of his or her maximum Social Security. Or once you and your ex-spouse reach full retirement age (66-68) you can claim half your ex's benefit and let your own grow untouched until you're 70.

A widow can begin drawing the full amount of her late husband's Social Security when she is as young as 60. Then she can choose to leave her own Social Security alone, allowing it to grow in value until her full retirement age or age 70.
A widow/widower can begin benefits based on his or her own earnings record and later switch to survivors benefits or begin with survivors benefits and later switch to benefits based on his or her own record.
This is true even if the surviving spouse is filing before full retirement age. You can't do that with spousal benefits.

In 2013 wages up to $113,700 are subject to social security tax and the maximum social security withholding would be $7049.40.
Employers should withhold Social Security taxes (6.2 percent) from employee's wages up to $113,700 and withhold Medicare tax (1.45 percent) on all wages.
In 2012 wages up to $110,100 are subject to social security tax and the maximum social security withholding would be $6826.20.
Employers should withhold Social Security taxes (4.2 percent) from employee's wages up to $110,100 and withhold Medicare tax (1.45 percent) on all wages.

Generally, if your provisional income is more than a base amount, the difference is taxable,
Generally, Provisional income = total income plus half your social security received plus tax exempt interest minus certain adjustments.
The base amount is $25,000 for filing status of single, head of household, widower and married filing separately.
The base amount is $32,000 for filing status of married filing jointly.

If you are under full retirement age (ages 66-67 depending on date of birth) for the entire year, SSA deducts $1 from your benefit payments for every $2 you earn above the annual limit. For 2013, that limit is $15,120.
In the year you reach full retirement age, SSA deducts $1 in benefits for every $3 you earn above a different limit, but SS only counts earnings before the month you reach your full retirement age. If you will reach full retirement age in 2013, the limit on your earnings for the months before full retirement age is $40,080.
Starting with the month you reach full retirement age, you can get your benefits with no limit on your earnings.

If you are receiving survivor Social Security benefits because your spouse has died, you will not lose the survivor benefits if you remarry as long as you are age 60 or older. If you remarry, you might see your monthly Social Security check increase because you may qualify for higher benefits based on your new spouse's earnings history. You have an option to choose the higher of the two amounts. If you have children who are also receiving benefits, their status will be unaffected by your remarriage.