Credits

In 2013, A taxpayer is allowed a 10-percent nonbusiness energy property credit for the purchase of qualified energy efficiency improvements to existing homes
There is a limitation of $500 on the total amount of nonbusiness energy property credit that may be claimed. This limitation is a lifetime limitation, not an annual limitation.
This credit was to expire with respect to any property placed in service after December 31, 2011. ATRA, Sec. 401, extends the availability of the credit to property placed in service before January 1, 2014.
In 2013 are 30% tax credits on large energy installation projects that are geared towards environmental aware taxpayers. They include geothermal heat pumps (no upper limit, both principal residences & second homes apply). Solar energy systems (no upper limit, both principal residences & second homes apply). Small wind turbines (no upper limit, both principal residences & second homes apply). Fuel cells (up to $500 per .5 kW of power capacity and for Principal residences only).

If you pay someone to watch your child(ren)under age 13 to enable you (and your spouse if you are filing a joint tax return)to work, then you will be able to claim a Child Care Credit for the costs you pay subject to certain limitations on Form 2441.
You will have to supply to the IRS on Form 2441 the care provider's name, address and social security or EIN number.

This credit is for certain individuals who get less than the full amount of the child tax credit. The additional child tax credit may give you a refund even if you do not owe any tax.

A credit is available up to $2,500 per student for the first 4 years of higher education for tuition, course related books, activity fees and any equipment that must be purchased from the educational institution as a condition of enrollment. Room & Board expenses do not qualify.
The credit begins to phase out for single taxpayers who have adjusted gross income between $80,000 and $90,000 and for joint tax filers when adjusted gross income is between $160,000 and $180,000. The credit is unavailable to taxpayers whose adjusted gross income exceeds the $90,000 and $180,000 thresholds.

Refundable tax credits include:
Earned Income Credit
Excess Social Security Credit
Additional Child Tax Credit
American Opportunity Credit - partially refundable
Adoption Credit First-time Homebuyer Credit
Health Coverage Tax Credit

A tax credit reduces the amount of tax for which you are liable. Unlike a deduction, which reduces the amount of income subject to tax, a tax credit directly reduces your tax liability, dollar for dollar.
A tax credit is usually more valuable than a tax deduction of the same dollar amount. There are two categories of tax credits, refundable and nonrefundable.
A nonrefundable credit can reduce your tax liability to zero (0), but not below.
A refundable tax credit is a tax credit that can reduce your tax liability below zero and the amount in excess of the liability is refunded to you.

The Earned Income Tax Credit is a refundable federal income tax credit for low to moderate income working individuals and families.
Individuals may receive refunds more than what was withheld in federal withholding taxes from their wages.
For the 2016 Tax Year
Earned Income and adjusted gross income (AGI) must each be less than:
$47,955 ($53,505 married filing jointly) with three or more qualifying children $44,648 ($50,198 married filing jointly) with two qualifying children $39,296 ($44,846 married filing jointly) with one qualifying child $14,880 ($20,430 married filing jointly) with no qualifying children
Tax Year 2016 maximum credit: $6,269 with three or more qualifying children $5,572 with two qualifying children $3,373 with one qualifying child $506 with no qualifying children
Investment income must be $3,400 or less for the year.

Qualified educational expenses would include tuition and required fees, but would not include room and board, insurance, transportation or other personal living or family expenses, medical expenses, supplies or equipment.
the American opportunity tax credit includes expenses for course-related books, supplies and equipment that are not necessarily paid to the educational institution.
The credits are subject to income limitations. The credits are not available for married filing separate returns. Both credits are claimed on IRS Form 8863.
The American Opportunity and Lifetime Learning credits are two federal credits available for qualifying higher education expenses paid to eligible educational institutions.
There may also be similar state credits or deductions available. Generally, the American Opportunity credit is available for the qualified expenses for the first 4 years of post-secondary education leading to a degree.
The Lifetime Learning credit is available for both degree and non-degree courses. This includes undergraduate courses not claimed as a American Opportunity credit, graduate studies, and students acquiring or improving their job skills.

Qualified educational expenses would include tuition and required fees, but would Not include room and board, insurance, transportation or other personal living or family expenses, medical expenses, supplies or equipment.
The credits are subject to income limitations. The credits are not available for married filing separate returns.
Both credits are claimed on IRS Form 8863.